What are "change orders" in contracting?

Change orders in contracting refer to written agreements that officially modify the original terms of a contract, specifically the scope of work, project timelines, or the contract price. This is a critical aspect of managing construction projects because various factors may necessitate changes after the initial contract is signed. Such alterations might arise from unforeseen circumstances, design changes, or requests from the client that require additional work or resources.

The use of written documentation for change orders ensures that both the contractor and the client have a clear understanding of the modifications being made. This written record helps to maintain accountability and provides a reference for both parties in case of disputes or misunderstandings later in the project. By formally documenting changes, contractors can also protect themselves legally while ensuring transparency in the financial implications associated with the modifications.

In contrast, the other options either lack the specificity necessary for formal changes or do not involve contractual adjustments officially recognized by both parties. Verbal agreements can lead to ambiguity and are not enforceable in the same way that written documents are. Invoices merely reflect charges and do not inherently involve changes to the contract's terms, while summaries of work completed are more about progress reporting rather than contractual changes.